Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
July 21, 2008
To minister Mah bow Tan Minister of National Development,
Member of Tampines GRC.
Proposal of playground building
Dear Mr Mah,
I would like to first complement about your designs of the playgrounds in the Tampines area as the designs are really nice and it is pretty and colourful thus attracting many children to go there and have fun there.
However, there are some problems that need to be looked into. Our group of playground designers have comfirmed that the playgrounds in the tampines are is not safe for children born with Down Syndrome, as many of them were borned with weak hearts, hearing problems, eye problems, skeletal problems and skin disorders.that is why even a fall fall which is no harm to a normal child may cause serious harm to children borned with Down Syndrome.
Our group of designers and I thus have specially designed a playground for the children with special needs. An example would be that instead of using stairs we changed it into ramps, for the handle bars we added a rough layer of grip onto it, so that in case the children’s hands are wet or it is wet with rain, the child will not slip and fall. At the bottom of the slide there will also be foam covering to cushion the children when they slide down, gaps will be minimised to ensure that the children will not slip through the gap and fall right through it.
Thank you for taking the time to look through this letter, we hope that you will take some of this ideas into consideration as this cater to the needs of children borned with Down Syndrome, thank you for looking into this matter once again.
Yours truly,
Chris Ng,
Student,
Pasir Ris Secondary School
Monday, July 21, 2008
Sunday, July 20, 2008
Choon Wang's letter
Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21 July 2008
To Minister Mah Bow Tan
Feedbacks and Suggestion for Playgrounds in Tampines
We are writing this proposal to you to propose to you about our specially designed playground that we have came up with.
Tampines neighbourhood has many attractive and colourful playgrounds. Many children from different ages often gather in all these playgrounds to play and hang out. However, there are some things which are missing amongst all these playgrounds, which are special functions to cater to the needs of mentally disabled children.
We have done researches on children with Down Syndrome. Amongst them, some have weak hearts, hearing problems, eye problems, skeletal problems and skin disorders.
For children with a weak heart, our playground has few steps so it decreases the need of much movement. For hearing problems, our special playground has light flashes at the openings to guide the children. For eye problems, we have installed fixed and hidden music boxes so that children who are inside the playground can navigate their way out of the playground when there’s a need. For skeletal problems, we have soft foam/rubber coverings that cover hard textures and edges so that they do not hurt themselves if they fall. For those who have skin disorders, we make sure we have many roof and shelters covering the playground and its areas so that even when it is raining, children can still play and enjoy themselves there.
All these special functions cater to the needs of Down Syndrome children. We hope that you take this ideas and suggestions into consideration. Thank you for taking your precious time to read this letter.
Yours truly,
Loh Choon Wang,
Student,
Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21 July 2008
To Minister Mah Bow Tan
Feedbacks and Suggestion for Playgrounds in Tampines
We are writing this proposal to you to propose to you about our specially designed playground that we have came up with.
Tampines neighbourhood has many attractive and colourful playgrounds. Many children from different ages often gather in all these playgrounds to play and hang out. However, there are some things which are missing amongst all these playgrounds, which are special functions to cater to the needs of mentally disabled children.
We have done researches on children with Down Syndrome. Amongst them, some have weak hearts, hearing problems, eye problems, skeletal problems and skin disorders.
For children with a weak heart, our playground has few steps so it decreases the need of much movement. For hearing problems, our special playground has light flashes at the openings to guide the children. For eye problems, we have installed fixed and hidden music boxes so that children who are inside the playground can navigate their way out of the playground when there’s a need. For skeletal problems, we have soft foam/rubber coverings that cover hard textures and edges so that they do not hurt themselves if they fall. For those who have skin disorders, we make sure we have many roof and shelters covering the playground and its areas so that even when it is raining, children can still play and enjoy themselves there.
All these special functions cater to the needs of Down Syndrome children. We hope that you take this ideas and suggestions into consideration. Thank you for taking your precious time to read this letter.
Yours truly,
Loh Choon Wang,
Student,
Pasir Ris Secondary School
Tan Hua Yeow's Letter
Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21st July 2008
Mr Mah Bow Tan,
Minister of National Development,
Member of Tampines GRC.
Dear Minister Mah,
Feedback and suggestions to improve the playgrounds in Tampines
The playgrounds in Tampines are fun and amusing for children. After many years, your playgrounds have become more and more fun and safe. For example, in the past the playground floor was made of concrete, causing several injuries. Now you changed the flooring into some soft carpeting. My compliments to the designers and also personal thanks to them for inspiring me to be a designer too.
However, there are some matters that need to look into. Recently I have done some research on Down syndrome. Many factors led me to believe that your playground is not good for children with special needs. For instance, children with Down syndrome have lung problems or weak muscles.
My group of designers and I have specially designed a playground for the children with special needs. An example would be that instead of using stairs we changed it into ramps. Also for the handle bars we added a rough layer of grip onto it, so that in case the children’s hands are wet, their grip won’t be lost. At the bottom of the slide there will also be some soft material to cushion the children when they slide down.
I hope you would consider my ideas. If you prefer, I could send some photos of our designs. Hope you reply to us soon, and thank you for spending some time to read the contents of the letter.
Yours Truly,
Tan Hua Yeow,
Student,
Pasir Ris Secondary School.
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21st July 2008
Mr Mah Bow Tan,
Minister of National Development,
Member of Tampines GRC.
Dear Minister Mah,
Feedback and suggestions to improve the playgrounds in Tampines
The playgrounds in Tampines are fun and amusing for children. After many years, your playgrounds have become more and more fun and safe. For example, in the past the playground floor was made of concrete, causing several injuries. Now you changed the flooring into some soft carpeting. My compliments to the designers and also personal thanks to them for inspiring me to be a designer too.
However, there are some matters that need to look into. Recently I have done some research on Down syndrome. Many factors led me to believe that your playground is not good for children with special needs. For instance, children with Down syndrome have lung problems or weak muscles.
My group of designers and I have specially designed a playground for the children with special needs. An example would be that instead of using stairs we changed it into ramps. Also for the handle bars we added a rough layer of grip onto it, so that in case the children’s hands are wet, their grip won’t be lost. At the bottom of the slide there will also be some soft material to cushion the children when they slide down.
I hope you would consider my ideas. If you prefer, I could send some photos of our designs. Hope you reply to us soon, and thank you for spending some time to read the contents of the letter.
Yours Truly,
Tan Hua Yeow,
Student,
Pasir Ris Secondary School.
Letter for Mr Mah (By Brian)
Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21 July 2008
Mr Mah Bow Tan
The Minister of National Development
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Minister Mah
Feedback and suggestions to improve the playground in Tampines
The playgrounds in Tampines are quite beautiful and creative. However, some of them are quite worn-out and are dangerous; some children might get hurt if they are not careful. I feel that there are still some rooms for improvement to provide a safer and more attractive playground for children with Down’s syndrome after some researching.
The Down’s syndrome children mostly have skeletal problems and are prone to diseases easily. We have think of ways to design a suitable playground for them.
Actually, there are quite a few ways for improving the playgrounds for Down’s syndrome children. Firstly, the playgrounds should be more colourful and attractive in a way to them. One example is to have cartoons characters painted on it. This might motivate them to play in spite of their disability. Secondly, it should be safer. For example, there should not be any sharp edges should they not know the danger and hurt themselves. Also, there must not be any gaps or holes fro them to trip and fall. Hard cushions can also be wrapped around the frames of the playground to decrease their injuries if they hit themselves. The monkey bars should not be too high and the slides should not be too steep.
Our group’s playground model has been designed to suit the Down’s syndrome children. There are safety precautions taken and carefully built to decrease any injuries. Next, the slides have just the right gradient for them to slide down slowly and also not roll down if they are too steep. The swings are designed to swing the right way for them, they are very easy to climb up and it swings just the right distance in case they fall forward or backward. Lastly, the playgrounds should be cleaned regularly to practice good hygiene.
These are my suggestions and feedbacks, I greatly appreciate that you take your busy time to read this letter and I hope that you could have my suggestions in mind.
Yours truly
Brian Chong Kah Joon
Student
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21 July 2008
Mr Mah Bow Tan
The Minister of National Development
Minister of Tampines GRC
Dear Minister Mah
Feedback and suggestions to improve the playground in Tampines
The playgrounds in Tampines are quite beautiful and creative. However, some of them are quite worn-out and are dangerous; some children might get hurt if they are not careful. I feel that there are still some rooms for improvement to provide a safer and more attractive playground for children with Down’s syndrome after some researching.
The Down’s syndrome children mostly have skeletal problems and are prone to diseases easily. We have think of ways to design a suitable playground for them.
Actually, there are quite a few ways for improving the playgrounds for Down’s syndrome children. Firstly, the playgrounds should be more colourful and attractive in a way to them. One example is to have cartoons characters painted on it. This might motivate them to play in spite of their disability. Secondly, it should be safer. For example, there should not be any sharp edges should they not know the danger and hurt themselves. Also, there must not be any gaps or holes fro them to trip and fall. Hard cushions can also be wrapped around the frames of the playground to decrease their injuries if they hit themselves. The monkey bars should not be too high and the slides should not be too steep.
Our group’s playground model has been designed to suit the Down’s syndrome children. There are safety precautions taken and carefully built to decrease any injuries. Next, the slides have just the right gradient for them to slide down slowly and also not roll down if they are too steep. The swings are designed to swing the right way for them, they are very easy to climb up and it swings just the right distance in case they fall forward or backward. Lastly, the playgrounds should be cleaned regularly to practice good hygiene.
These are my suggestions and feedbacks, I greatly appreciate that you take your busy time to read this letter and I hope that you could have my suggestions in mind.
Yours truly
Brian Chong Kah Joon
Student
letter for Mr Mah (Wen Jun)
Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21 July 2008
Mr Mah Bow Tan
The Minister of National Development,
Member of Tampines GRC
Dear Minister Mah
Feedback and suggestions to improve the playgrounds in Tampines
The playgrounds in Tampines are very creative and colorful, perfect for attracting small children. However, I think there is still room for improvement. The playgrounds are quite unhygienic, and after I had done research for my project, I found out that almost all the playgrounds in Tampines cannot be played by disabled children.
For my project, I had done research on Down syndrome, and found out that people with this chromosomal disorder have a lower than average cognitive ability, often ranging from mild to moderate learning disabilities. It might also cause the person with this disorder to have hearing problems, heart disease, Intestinal abnormalities, and eye problems. They also need to have a balanced diet, with a balanced amount of nutrients for their body. They are very prone to diseases, and get sick easily. They also have skeletal problems, not allowing them to stand straight.
I think we should have my playground (designed for children with Down syndrome) built in Tampines, so that the children in Tampines can enjoy it regardless of disability. My playground is made with materials which are soft, to ensure the safety of the children. Our playground has very little flight of stairs, as children with Down syndrome should not climb stairs because of heart disease. Railings will also be made to allow them to cling on as they have skeletal problems. Our playground will also have paintings of cartoon characters or fairy tale characters to attract their attention.
Playgrounds in Tampines are very dusty, and not suitable for disabled people to play them. I suggest that the playgrounds in Tampines to be safer, and can be played by children with or without Down syndrome. We can also build more playgrounds in Tampines for the children. It will be happy sight to see the various children (disabled or not) to have a fun time playing in the play ground. We should think of people whom are disabled, and not just the normal children.
Yours Truly
Heng Wen Jun
Student
Pasir Ris Secondary School
390 Tampines Street 21
Singapore 529400
21 July 2008
Mr Mah Bow Tan
The Minister of National Development,
Member of Tampines GRC
Dear Minister Mah
Feedback and suggestions to improve the playgrounds in Tampines
The playgrounds in Tampines are very creative and colorful, perfect for attracting small children. However, I think there is still room for improvement. The playgrounds are quite unhygienic, and after I had done research for my project, I found out that almost all the playgrounds in Tampines cannot be played by disabled children.
For my project, I had done research on Down syndrome, and found out that people with this chromosomal disorder have a lower than average cognitive ability, often ranging from mild to moderate learning disabilities. It might also cause the person with this disorder to have hearing problems, heart disease, Intestinal abnormalities, and eye problems. They also need to have a balanced diet, with a balanced amount of nutrients for their body. They are very prone to diseases, and get sick easily. They also have skeletal problems, not allowing them to stand straight.
I think we should have my playground (designed for children with Down syndrome) built in Tampines, so that the children in Tampines can enjoy it regardless of disability. My playground is made with materials which are soft, to ensure the safety of the children. Our playground has very little flight of stairs, as children with Down syndrome should not climb stairs because of heart disease. Railings will also be made to allow them to cling on as they have skeletal problems. Our playground will also have paintings of cartoon characters or fairy tale characters to attract their attention.
Playgrounds in Tampines are very dusty, and not suitable for disabled people to play them. I suggest that the playgrounds in Tampines to be safer, and can be played by children with or without Down syndrome. We can also build more playgrounds in Tampines for the children. It will be happy sight to see the various children (disabled or not) to have a fun time playing in the play ground. We should think of people whom are disabled, and not just the normal children.
Yours Truly
Heng Wen Jun
Student
Pasir Ris Secondary School
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Some designs that we take after
We chose this playground skeleton because it is ideal:
-the spacing is good
-not much steps to take
-not easy to fall
We chose this swing because it is safe:
-it is tightly secured
-it has a buckled-like seat
-not likely to fall
Wednesday, April 23, 2008
Wen Jun's OEE assignment-my reflections
Eco-friendly features about my group's 3d model
-we used recycled materials for our 3d model.
Remarks for our project
-we used clay instead of real rubber.
-we used recycled ice-cream sticks instead of metal.
-we used cardboard to support the model instead of wood or plastic.
playground designs and concepts that are linked to the novel
-we want to use the castle theme in 'bridge of teribithia' for our playground, as many children like castles.
Explanation
-in the novel, jess and leslie created 'teribithia' which is a castle in their imaginations. we are going to make our playground's theme like the castle in 'teribithia'.
designs and concepts that meet the special needs of the children(including explanation)
-made of rubber,to minimise the harm done towards the children if they fall.
-children with down syndrome have eye problems,so,solid rubber walls which are able to create clear echoes will be made,to aid the children in navigating their way through the playground.
-they have weak hearts,so,our playgrouds will have very few flights of stairs so that they will be able to go up the lplayground with more ease.
-our playground has no facilities which are strainous to prevent them from being too over-exerted.
-we used recycled materials for our 3d model.
Remarks for our project
-we used clay instead of real rubber.
-we used recycled ice-cream sticks instead of metal.
-we used cardboard to support the model instead of wood or plastic.
playground designs and concepts that are linked to the novel
-we want to use the castle theme in 'bridge of teribithia' for our playground, as many children like castles.
Explanation
-in the novel, jess and leslie created 'teribithia' which is a castle in their imaginations. we are going to make our playground's theme like the castle in 'teribithia'.
designs and concepts that meet the special needs of the children(including explanation)
-made of rubber,to minimise the harm done towards the children if they fall.
-children with down syndrome have eye problems,so,solid rubber walls which are able to create clear echoes will be made,to aid the children in navigating their way through the playground.
-they have weak hearts,so,our playgrouds will have very few flights of stairs so that they will be able to go up the lplayground with more ease.
-our playground has no facilities which are strainous to prevent them from being too over-exerted.
Monday, April 21, 2008
Choon Wang's OEE assessment
Name: Choon Wang (31)
Class: 2e4
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
1) Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
- We are going to add some plants around and on the borders of the playground.
2) Remarks (e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc)
- We are using plastacine to make the model
- Ice cream sticks covered with plastacine will be used for strengthening the pillars/walls that hold the playground together.
3) Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel
- The novel said about an imaginary castle, so we are trying to make some parts of the playground look like the castle too.
- For example, we can add paintings of various characters(e.g.cartoons like fairies)
4) Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
- We are going to make handle bars that reduce chances of the children falling down to look like castle walls.
5) Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
- Short & minimal Steps
- A safe swing
- A concave tunnel slide
6) Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
- Some percentage of Down Syndrome children have a weak heart, so there should not be much steps for the children to climb.
- Some children have skeletal problems; we should not let them fall.
- They have eye problems so if anyone gets stuck in the tunnel, their call for help will be projected clearly.
Class: 2e4
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
1) Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
- We are going to add some plants around and on the borders of the playground.
2) Remarks (e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc)
- We are using plastacine to make the model
- Ice cream sticks covered with plastacine will be used for strengthening the pillars/walls that hold the playground together.
3) Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel
- The novel said about an imaginary castle, so we are trying to make some parts of the playground look like the castle too.
- For example, we can add paintings of various characters(e.g.cartoons like fairies)
4) Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
- We are going to make handle bars that reduce chances of the children falling down to look like castle walls.
5) Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
- Short & minimal Steps
- A safe swing
- A concave tunnel slide
6) Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
- Some percentage of Down Syndrome children have a weak heart, so there should not be much steps for the children to climb.
- Some children have skeletal problems; we should not let them fall.
- They have eye problems so if anyone gets stuck in the tunnel, their call for help will be projected clearly.
Chris ng's template
Name: Chris Ng ( 21)
Class: 2E4
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
My Group members suggested to use flowers
Remarks(e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc) We use plastacine as it is easy to mould into shape.
We search for some pictures on yahoo and google to give us some ideas.
Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel We are building an imaginary fort jus like in the novel.
Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
We found that a playground that has a fort is new and not found in many playgrounds.
Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
Concave tunnels. Magnify child’s shout’s.
A coating of rubber around most objects. Minimizing injuries.
Least number of steps possible. Reduce stress on heart.
Class: 2E4
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
My Group members suggested to use flowers
Remarks(e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc) We use plastacine as it is easy to mould into shape.
We search for some pictures on yahoo and google to give us some ideas.
Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel We are building an imaginary fort jus like in the novel.
Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
We found that a playground that has a fort is new and not found in many playgrounds.
Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
Concave tunnels. Magnify child’s shout’s.
A coating of rubber around most objects. Minimizing injuries.
Least number of steps possible. Reduce stress on heart.
Friday, April 18, 2008
Tan Hua Yeow's OEE Assesment
Name: Tan Hua Yeow _________ ( 39 )
Class: _2E4____________
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
1) Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
- We are going to add some flowers on the model.
2) Remarks (e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc)
- We are using plastacine to make the model.
3) Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel
- The novel said about an imaginary castle, so we are trying to make castle walls too.
4) Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
- We are going to make the railways that stop the children from falling down to look like castle walls.
5) Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
- Short Steps
6) Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
- Some Down Syndrome Children have a weak heart, so there aren’t many steps for the children to climb.
Class: _2E4____________
Fill in the following and use the content/research/findings in your final group proposal for your Playground Project Blog.
Individual Reflections for Literature Mid-Year Project 2008
Sec 2 Express
1) Eco-friendly features about my group’s 3D-model
- We are going to add some flowers on the model.
2) Remarks (e.g. materials to be used, relevant research with links, photograph links etc)
- We are using plastacine to make the model.
3) Playground designs/concepts that are linked to the novel
- The novel said about an imaginary castle, so we are trying to make castle walls too.
4) Explanation of how the designs/concepts are linked to the novel
- We are going to make the railways that stop the children from falling down to look like castle walls.
5) Playground designs/concepts that meet the special needs of the children
- Short Steps
6) Explanation of how the designs meet the special needs of the children
- Some Down Syndrome Children have a weak heart, so there aren’t many steps for the children to climb.
Wednesday, April 16, 2008
Our Design Specifications
As some of the children with down syndrome have:
- a weak heart, we are going to make sure that there aren't too many flights of steps for them to climb.
- hearing problems, concave tunnels will be suitable if they shout for help.
- eye problems, music would probably be the best way for them to navigate their way.
- skeletal problems, many railings are provided so they will not fall easily
- skin disorders, textures should not trigger skin allergies.
- our playground's skeleton would be made up of metal coated with rubber, so as to minimize the damage made after a fall.
Others:
Children might like cartoons etc.
- Painted cartoons like fairies, king, queen, giants and more
- Paintings on the interior of the rooftop
- a weak heart, we are going to make sure that there aren't too many flights of steps for them to climb.
- hearing problems, concave tunnels will be suitable if they shout for help.
- eye problems, music would probably be the best way for them to navigate their way.
- skeletal problems, many railings are provided so they will not fall easily
- skin disorders, textures should not trigger skin allergies.
- our playground's skeleton would be made up of metal coated with rubber, so as to minimize the damage made after a fall.
Others:
Children might like cartoons etc.
- Painted cartoons like fairies, king, queen, giants and more
- Paintings on the interior of the rooftop
Designs
We decided to build a playground which consists of:
- 3 Slides
- 1 Concave tunnel slide
- 1 Swing
- Sponge ball corner
- Sheltered roof
The 3 slides are made from plastic. At the bottom of each slide there is a sponge mat. This is to let the children land comfortably.
The tunnel slide a concave one because some percentage of the children are blind or are deaf, so if any of them shouts, it will be easily heard.
A simple rope swing. Children should be accompanied by an adult while swinging.
The sponge ball corner is for the children to enjoy rolling about and throwing the balls about. Sponge is chosen because it is very soft and will not injure anyone if he/she is hit.
We shelter the roof because children can still play during rainy days.
- 3 Slides
- 1 Concave tunnel slide
- 1 Swing
- Sponge ball corner
- Sheltered roof
The 3 slides are made from plastic. At the bottom of each slide there is a sponge mat. This is to let the children land comfortably.
The tunnel slide a concave one because some percentage of the children are blind or are deaf, so if any of them shouts, it will be easily heard.
A simple rope swing. Children should be accompanied by an adult while swinging.
The sponge ball corner is for the children to enjoy rolling about and throwing the balls about. Sponge is chosen because it is very soft and will not injure anyone if he/she is hit.
We shelter the roof because children can still play during rainy days.
Saturday, April 12, 2008
Why do we make such designs?
1) 60 to 80 percent of the children who have down syndrome have hearing problems. So we might want to make a few concave walls so that their voices might be echoed and heard clearly.
2) 40 to 45 percent of children with down syndrome have congenital heart disease. So we MUST not build a playground with flights of steps as to prevent the children from overworking themselves.
2) 40 to 45 percent of children with down syndrome have congenital heart disease. So we MUST not build a playground with flights of steps as to prevent the children from overworking themselves.
Wednesday, April 2, 2008
What are the problems children with down syndrome might face
The child with Down syndrome is in need of the same kind of medical care as any other child. The pediatrician or family physician should provide general health maintenance, immunizations, attend to medical emergencies, and offer support and counseling to the family. There are, however, situations when children with Down syndrome need special attention.
1. Sixty to 80 percent of children with Down syndrome have hearing problems. Therefore, audiologic assessments at an early age and follow-up hearing tests are indicated. If there is a significant hearing loss, the child should be seen by an ear, nose and throat specialist.
2. Forty to 45 percent of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Many of these children will have to undergo heart surgery and often will need long term care by a pediatric cardiologist.
3. Intestinal abnormalities also occur at a higher frequency in children with Downsyndrome. For example, a blockage of the food pipe (esophagus), small bowel (duodenum), and at the anus are not uncommon in infants with Down syndrome. These may need to be surgically corrected at once in order to have a normal functioning intestinal tract.
4. Children with Down syndrome often have more eye problems than other children who do not have this chromosome disorder. For example, 3 percent of infants withDown syndrome have cataracts. They need to be removed surgically. Other eyeproblems such as cross-eye (strabismus), near-sightedness, far-sightedness and other eye conditions are frequently observed in children with Down syndrome.
5. Another concern relates to nutritional aspects. Some children with Down syndrome, in particular those with severe heart disease often fail to thrive in infancy. On the other hand, obesity is often noted during adolescence and early adulthood. These conditions can be prevented by providing appropriate nutritional counseling and anticipatory dietary guidance.
6. Thyroid disfunctions are more common in children with Down syndrome than in normal children. Between 15 and 20 per cent of children with Down syndrome have hypothyroidism. It is important to identify individuals with Down syndrome who have thyroid disorders since hypothyroidism may compromise normal central nervous system functioning.
7. Skeletal problems have also been noted at a higher frequency in children with Down syndrome, including kneecap subluxation (incomplete or partial dislocation), hip dislocation, and atlantoaxial instability. The latter condition occurs when the first two neck bones are not well aligned because of the presence of loose ligaments.
Approximately 15 percent of people with Down syndrome have atlantoaxial instability. Most of these individuals, however, do not have any symptoms, andonly 1 -2 percent of individuals with Down syndrome have a serious neck problem that requires surgical intervention.
8. Other important medical aspects in Down syndrome, including immunologic concerns, leukemia, Alzheimer disease, seizure disorders, sleep apnea and skin disorders, may require the attention of specialists in their respective fields.
1. Sixty to 80 percent of children with Down syndrome have hearing problems. Therefore, audiologic assessments at an early age and follow-up hearing tests are indicated. If there is a significant hearing loss, the child should be seen by an ear, nose and throat specialist.
2. Forty to 45 percent of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Many of these children will have to undergo heart surgery and often will need long term care by a pediatric cardiologist.
3. Intestinal abnormalities also occur at a higher frequency in children with Downsyndrome. For example, a blockage of the food pipe (esophagus), small bowel (duodenum), and at the anus are not uncommon in infants with Down syndrome. These may need to be surgically corrected at once in order to have a normal functioning intestinal tract.
4. Children with Down syndrome often have more eye problems than other children who do not have this chromosome disorder. For example, 3 percent of infants withDown syndrome have cataracts. They need to be removed surgically. Other eyeproblems such as cross-eye (strabismus), near-sightedness, far-sightedness and other eye conditions are frequently observed in children with Down syndrome.
5. Another concern relates to nutritional aspects. Some children with Down syndrome, in particular those with severe heart disease often fail to thrive in infancy. On the other hand, obesity is often noted during adolescence and early adulthood. These conditions can be prevented by providing appropriate nutritional counseling and anticipatory dietary guidance.
6. Thyroid disfunctions are more common in children with Down syndrome than in normal children. Between 15 and 20 per cent of children with Down syndrome have hypothyroidism. It is important to identify individuals with Down syndrome who have thyroid disorders since hypothyroidism may compromise normal central nervous system functioning.
7. Skeletal problems have also been noted at a higher frequency in children with Down syndrome, including kneecap subluxation (incomplete or partial dislocation), hip dislocation, and atlantoaxial instability. The latter condition occurs when the first two neck bones are not well aligned because of the presence of loose ligaments.
Approximately 15 percent of people with Down syndrome have atlantoaxial instability. Most of these individuals, however, do not have any symptoms, andonly 1 -2 percent of individuals with Down syndrome have a serious neck problem that requires surgical intervention.
8. Other important medical aspects in Down syndrome, including immunologic concerns, leukemia, Alzheimer disease, seizure disorders, sleep apnea and skin disorders, may require the attention of specialists in their respective fields.
Information on Down Syndrome
Down syndrome (DS) is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, and often leads to mental retardation. It affects 1 in every 800 babies born.
The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary widely from child to child. While some kids with DS need a lot of medical attention, others lead very healthy and independent lives.
Though Down syndrome can't be prevented, it can be detected before a child is born. The health problems that can go along with DS can be treated, and there are many resources within communities to help kids and their families who are living with the condition.
What Causes Down Syndrome?
Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. In most cases of Down syndrome, however, a child gets an extra chromosome - for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It's this extra genetic material that causes the physical and cognitive delays associated with DS.
Although no one knows for sure why DS occurs and there's no way to prevent the chromosomal error that causes it, scientists do know that women age 35 and older have a significantly higher risk of having a child with the condition. At age 30, for example, a woman has less than a 1 in 1,000 chance of conceiving a child with DS. Those odds increase to 1 in 400 by age 35. By 42, it jumps to about 1 in 60.
How Does Down Syndrome Affect a Child?
Kids with Down syndrome tend to share certain physical features such as a flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, a single crease across the center of the palms, and an enlarged tongue. A doctor can usually tell if a newborn has the condition through a physical exam.
Low muscle tone and loose joints are also characteristic of children with DS, and babies in particular may seem especially "floppy." Though this can and often does improve over time, most children with DS typically reach developmental milestones - like sitting up, crawling, and walking - later than other kids. At birth, kids with DS are usually of average size, but they tend to grow at a slower rate and remain smaller than their peers. For infants, low muscle tone may contribute to sucking and feeding problems, as well as constipation and other digestive issues. In toddlers and older children, there may be delays in speech and self-care skills like feeding, dressing, and toilet teaching.
Down syndrome affects kids' cognitive abilities in different ways, but most have mild to moderate mental retardation. Kids with DS can and do learn, and are capable of developing skills throughout their lives. They simply reach goals at a different pace - which is why it's important not to compare a child with DS with typically developing siblings or even other children with the condition. Kids with DS have a wide range of abilities, and there's no way to tell at birth what they will be capable of as they grow up.
Medical Problems Associated with Down Syndrome
While some kids with DS have no other health problems, others may experience a host of medical issues that require extra care. For example, half of all children born with DS also have congenital heart defects and are prone to developing pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs). A pediatric cardiologist can monitor these types of problems, many of which can be treated with medication or surgery.
Approximately half of all kids with DS also have problems with hearing and vision. Hearing loss can be related to fluid buildup in the inner ear or to structural problems of the ear itself. Vision problems commonly include amblyopia (lazy eye), near- or farsightedness, and an increased risk of cataracts. Regular evaluations by an audiologist and an ophthalmologist are necessary to detect and correct any problems before they affect a child's language and learning skills.
Other medical conditions that may occur more frequently in children with DS include thyroid problems, intestinal abnormalities, seizure disorders, respiratory problems, obesity, an increased susceptibility to infection, and a higher risk of childhood leukemia. Fortunately, many of these conditions are treatable.
Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis
There are two types of prenatal tests available to detect Down syndrome in a fetus: screening tests and diagnostic tests. Screening tests estimate the risk that a fetus has DS; diagnostic tests can tell whether the fetus actually has the condition.
Screening tests are noninvasive and generally painless. But because they can't give a definitive answer as to whether a baby has DS, mostly they're used to help parents decide whether to have more diagnostic tests.
Diagnostic tests are about 99% accurate in detecting Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. However, because they are performed inside the uterus, they are associated with a risk of miscarriage and other complications. For this reason, they are generally recommended only for women age 35 or older, those with a family history of genetic defects, or those who've had an abnormal result on a screening test. If you're unsure about which test, if any, is right for you, your doctor or a genetic counselor can help you sort through the pros and cons of each.
Screening tests include:
Nuchal translucency testing. This test, performed between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy, uses ultrasound to measure the clear space in the folds of tissue behind a developing baby's neck. (Babies with DS and other chromosomal abnormalities tend to accumulate fluid there, making the space appear larger.) This measurement, taken together with the mother's age and the baby's gestational age, can be used to calculate the odds that the baby has DS. Nuchal translucency testing correctly detects DS about 80% of the time; when performed with a maternal blood test, it may offer greater accuracy.
The triple screen (also called the multiple marker test) and the alpha fetoprotein plus. These tests measure the quantities of various substances in the mother's blood, and together with the woman's age, estimate the likelihood that her baby has Down syndrome. They are typically offered between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy.
A detailed ultrasound. This is often performed in conjunction with the blood tests, and it checks the fetus for some of the physical traits associated with Down syndrome. However, these screening tests are only about 60% accurate and often lead to false-positive or false-negative readings.
Diagnostic tests include:
Amniocentesis. This test, performed between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy, involves the removal of a small amount of amniotic fluid through a needle inserted in the abdomen. The cells can then be analyzed for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities. Amniocentesis carries a small risk of complications, such as preterm labor and miscarriage.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS). CVS involves taking a tiny sample of the placenta, also through a needle inserted in the abdomen. The advantage of this test is that it can be performed earlier than amniocentesis, between 8 and 12 weeks. The disadvantage is that it carries a slightly greater risk of miscarriage and other complications.
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS). Usually performed after 20 weeks, this test uses a needle to retrieve a small sample of blood from the umbilical cord. It carries risks similar to those associated with amniocentesis.
After a baby is born, a diagnosis of Down syndrome can usually be made just by looking at the baby. If the doctor suspects DS, a karyotype - a blood or tissue sample stained to show chromosomes grouped by size, number, and shape - can be performed to verify the diagnosis.
Getting Help
If you're the parent of a child diagnosed with Down syndrome, you may at first feel overwhelmed by feelings of loss, guilt, and fear. Talking with other parents of kids with DS may help you deal with the initial shock and grief and find ways to look toward the future. Many parents find that learning as much as they can about DS helps alleviate some of their fears.
Experts recommend enrolling kids with Down syndrome in early intervention services as soon as possible after your child is born. Physical, occupational, and speech therapists and early-childhood educators can work with your child to develop motor skills and language, and show you how to encourage these skills at home. Many states provide free early-intervention services to kids with disabilities from birth to age 3, so check with your child's doctor or a social worker to determine what resources are available in your area.
Once your child is 3 years old, he or she is guaranteed educational services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Under IDEA, local school districts must provide "a free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment" and an individualized education plan (IEP) for each child.
Where to send your child to school can be a difficult decision. Some kids with Down syndrome have needs that are best met in a specialized program, while many others do well attending neighborhood schools alongside peers who don't have DS. Studies have shown that this type of situation, known as inclusion, is beneficial for both the child with DS as well as the other children. Your school district's child study team can work with you to determine what's best for your child, but remember, any decisions can and should involve your input, as you are your child's best advocate.
Today, many children with Down syndrome grow up going to school and enjoying many of the same activities as other kids their age. A few go on to college. Many transition to semi-independent living. Still others continue to live at home but are able to hold jobs, thus finding their own success in the community.
The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary widely from child to child. While some kids with DS need a lot of medical attention, others lead very healthy and independent lives.
Though Down syndrome can't be prevented, it can be detected before a child is born. The health problems that can go along with DS can be treated, and there are many resources within communities to help kids and their families who are living with the condition.
What Causes Down Syndrome?
Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. In most cases of Down syndrome, however, a child gets an extra chromosome - for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It's this extra genetic material that causes the physical and cognitive delays associated with DS.
Although no one knows for sure why DS occurs and there's no way to prevent the chromosomal error that causes it, scientists do know that women age 35 and older have a significantly higher risk of having a child with the condition. At age 30, for example, a woman has less than a 1 in 1,000 chance of conceiving a child with DS. Those odds increase to 1 in 400 by age 35. By 42, it jumps to about 1 in 60.
How Does Down Syndrome Affect a Child?
Kids with Down syndrome tend to share certain physical features such as a flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, a single crease across the center of the palms, and an enlarged tongue. A doctor can usually tell if a newborn has the condition through a physical exam.
Low muscle tone and loose joints are also characteristic of children with DS, and babies in particular may seem especially "floppy." Though this can and often does improve over time, most children with DS typically reach developmental milestones - like sitting up, crawling, and walking - later than other kids. At birth, kids with DS are usually of average size, but they tend to grow at a slower rate and remain smaller than their peers. For infants, low muscle tone may contribute to sucking and feeding problems, as well as constipation and other digestive issues. In toddlers and older children, there may be delays in speech and self-care skills like feeding, dressing, and toilet teaching.
Down syndrome affects kids' cognitive abilities in different ways, but most have mild to moderate mental retardation. Kids with DS can and do learn, and are capable of developing skills throughout their lives. They simply reach goals at a different pace - which is why it's important not to compare a child with DS with typically developing siblings or even other children with the condition. Kids with DS have a wide range of abilities, and there's no way to tell at birth what they will be capable of as they grow up.
Medical Problems Associated with Down Syndrome
While some kids with DS have no other health problems, others may experience a host of medical issues that require extra care. For example, half of all children born with DS also have congenital heart defects and are prone to developing pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs). A pediatric cardiologist can monitor these types of problems, many of which can be treated with medication or surgery.
Approximately half of all kids with DS also have problems with hearing and vision. Hearing loss can be related to fluid buildup in the inner ear or to structural problems of the ear itself. Vision problems commonly include amblyopia (lazy eye), near- or farsightedness, and an increased risk of cataracts. Regular evaluations by an audiologist and an ophthalmologist are necessary to detect and correct any problems before they affect a child's language and learning skills.
Other medical conditions that may occur more frequently in children with DS include thyroid problems, intestinal abnormalities, seizure disorders, respiratory problems, obesity, an increased susceptibility to infection, and a higher risk of childhood leukemia. Fortunately, many of these conditions are treatable.
Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis
There are two types of prenatal tests available to detect Down syndrome in a fetus: screening tests and diagnostic tests. Screening tests estimate the risk that a fetus has DS; diagnostic tests can tell whether the fetus actually has the condition.
Screening tests are noninvasive and generally painless. But because they can't give a definitive answer as to whether a baby has DS, mostly they're used to help parents decide whether to have more diagnostic tests.
Diagnostic tests are about 99% accurate in detecting Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. However, because they are performed inside the uterus, they are associated with a risk of miscarriage and other complications. For this reason, they are generally recommended only for women age 35 or older, those with a family history of genetic defects, or those who've had an abnormal result on a screening test. If you're unsure about which test, if any, is right for you, your doctor or a genetic counselor can help you sort through the pros and cons of each.
Screening tests include:
Nuchal translucency testing. This test, performed between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy, uses ultrasound to measure the clear space in the folds of tissue behind a developing baby's neck. (Babies with DS and other chromosomal abnormalities tend to accumulate fluid there, making the space appear larger.) This measurement, taken together with the mother's age and the baby's gestational age, can be used to calculate the odds that the baby has DS. Nuchal translucency testing correctly detects DS about 80% of the time; when performed with a maternal blood test, it may offer greater accuracy.
The triple screen (also called the multiple marker test) and the alpha fetoprotein plus. These tests measure the quantities of various substances in the mother's blood, and together with the woman's age, estimate the likelihood that her baby has Down syndrome. They are typically offered between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy.
A detailed ultrasound. This is often performed in conjunction with the blood tests, and it checks the fetus for some of the physical traits associated with Down syndrome. However, these screening tests are only about 60% accurate and often lead to false-positive or false-negative readings.
Diagnostic tests include:
Amniocentesis. This test, performed between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy, involves the removal of a small amount of amniotic fluid through a needle inserted in the abdomen. The cells can then be analyzed for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities. Amniocentesis carries a small risk of complications, such as preterm labor and miscarriage.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS). CVS involves taking a tiny sample of the placenta, also through a needle inserted in the abdomen. The advantage of this test is that it can be performed earlier than amniocentesis, between 8 and 12 weeks. The disadvantage is that it carries a slightly greater risk of miscarriage and other complications.
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS). Usually performed after 20 weeks, this test uses a needle to retrieve a small sample of blood from the umbilical cord. It carries risks similar to those associated with amniocentesis.
After a baby is born, a diagnosis of Down syndrome can usually be made just by looking at the baby. If the doctor suspects DS, a karyotype - a blood or tissue sample stained to show chromosomes grouped by size, number, and shape - can be performed to verify the diagnosis.
Getting Help
If you're the parent of a child diagnosed with Down syndrome, you may at first feel overwhelmed by feelings of loss, guilt, and fear. Talking with other parents of kids with DS may help you deal with the initial shock and grief and find ways to look toward the future. Many parents find that learning as much as they can about DS helps alleviate some of their fears.
Experts recommend enrolling kids with Down syndrome in early intervention services as soon as possible after your child is born. Physical, occupational, and speech therapists and early-childhood educators can work with your child to develop motor skills and language, and show you how to encourage these skills at home. Many states provide free early-intervention services to kids with disabilities from birth to age 3, so check with your child's doctor or a social worker to determine what resources are available in your area.
Once your child is 3 years old, he or she is guaranteed educational services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Under IDEA, local school districts must provide "a free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment" and an individualized education plan (IEP) for each child.
Where to send your child to school can be a difficult decision. Some kids with Down syndrome have needs that are best met in a specialized program, while many others do well attending neighborhood schools alongside peers who don't have DS. Studies have shown that this type of situation, known as inclusion, is beneficial for both the child with DS as well as the other children. Your school district's child study team can work with you to determine what's best for your child, but remember, any decisions can and should involve your input, as you are your child's best advocate.
Today, many children with Down syndrome grow up going to school and enjoying many of the same activities as other kids their age. A few go on to college. Many transition to semi-independent living. Still others continue to live at home but are able to hold jobs, thus finding their own success in the community.
Wednesday, March 26, 2008
Describe the Playground
We want to make a playground that is safe for children with down syndrome to play. We make sure it is safe.
Safety Guidelines
The mot important factor in evaluating the safety of any playground are the surface, design and spacing, and equipment inspection and maintainance.
Surface
A proper playgroud surface is one of the most important factors in reducing injuries. Since we are making a playground for children with Down Syndrome, it is important that we make it extra safe so as to minimise any injuries. The material used to make the surface should be soft, for example rubber mats. This is to ensure that if anyone falls, they will not be injured that easily.
Here are some things to consider:
Wrap rubber materials over railings and handles so that if the chidren accidentally knock against them they will not suffer major injuries. Designs must be smooth surfaced and the gripping must be good so as to minimise slippings and fallings. The floorings must be moderately smooth. If it is too smooth, the children might fall easily. However, if it is too rough, they might get scratched easily.
Safety Guidelines
The mot important factor in evaluating the safety of any playground are the surface, design and spacing, and equipment inspection and maintainance.
Surface
A proper playgroud surface is one of the most important factors in reducing injuries. Since we are making a playground for children with Down Syndrome, it is important that we make it extra safe so as to minimise any injuries. The material used to make the surface should be soft, for example rubber mats. This is to ensure that if anyone falls, they will not be injured that easily.
Here are some things to consider:
Wrap rubber materials over railings and handles so that if the chidren accidentally knock against them they will not suffer major injuries. Designs must be smooth surfaced and the gripping must be good so as to minimise slippings and fallings. The floorings must be moderately smooth. If it is too smooth, the children might fall easily. However, if it is too rough, they might get scratched easily.
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